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A. Aichholzer, H. Arthaber, Ch. Schuberth, H. Mayer:
"Non-Destructive Evaluation of Grain Angle, Moisture Content and Density of Spruce with Microwaves";
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, vol 71 (2013), 779 - 786.

Non-destructive evaluation of the physical properties of wood is a key task in modern wood manufacturing processes. Due to a rapidly increasing production speed, fast, non-contacting, reliable and robust measurement systems are demanded by the wood industry. Common moisture meters are able to reasonably cope with industrial needs. However, modern detection of wood grain angle deviation remains an unresolved issue. Microwave technology features the ability to simultaneously identify grain angle, density and moisture content of wood by measuring attenuation, phase shift, and depolarization of transmitted signals. This paper reports on series of microwave measurements revealing the desired physical properties for spruce. Samples were tested at different frequencies in the range from 8 to 12 GHz. For each frequency the grain angles were identified with standard errors of maximum 0.15° (measuring range from -90° to +90°). Standard errors in the determination of moisture density were less or equal 1.8 kg/m³ (measuring range from 27 to 56 kd/m³). Standard errors determining moisture content were maximum 0.47% (measuring range from 7.6 to 14%), and standard errors for dry density were maximum 11.3 kg/m³ (measuring range from 284 to 492 kg/m³).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-013-0740-1